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Arawasi International Magazine Issue 12 and Eagle Eye Series No.2

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The appearance of Arawasi International magazine, Issue 12 for Spring 2015, is a welcome delight. Issue 11 was published in the Summer of 2009 and the long interval that followed was a cause for concern. The latest issue is, as usual, packed with interesting articles, photographs and superb profiles by Zygmunt Szereneta, with a definite civil focus as follows:-

  • Japanese Staggerwings - a thorough examination of the licence-built Beech 17E with full story, many interesting photographs, schematics, interior details, contemporary colour and profiles - almost a mini monograph in its own right and essential for anyone interested in this machine.
  • Human Bomb Ohka Pilots Ready For Take Off - a fascinating first hand account by Saeki Masaaki with several previously unpublished photos.
  • Through Furnaces and Freezers - an account of the exploits of pioneer civilian pilot Kumakawa Ryôrarô flying the Stinson Reliant and Messerschmitt Bf108 Taifun in the 1930s with photographs and three colour profiles - the camouflaged 108 J-BACC offering excellent inspiration for a model.
  • Experimental 6-Shi Two-seat Fighter - interesting account of a little known and unsuccessful biplane carrier fighter for the IJN.
  • Tachikawa Ki-36 Accident Report - another gem of an article illustrating a damaged aircraft of the 206th Dokuritsu Hikôtai in photographs and profiles, although the camouflage was probably the standard China-based Chokkyo unit green and brown rather than the grey and green depicted. In monochrome photographs the brown, with its red content, often appears the darker of the two colours although intuitively it is assumed to be the green.
  • Model Commentary - a superb and beautifully rendered model of the Experimental 11-Shi Special Reconnaissance Seaplane E11K1 by Bill Sanborn in 1/72 scale using the A&V resin kit. Colour photographs throughout and plenty of them.
  • On Location: Matsuyama, Ehime Prefecture, Japan - a potted history and colour photographs of surviving structures at the former IJN base. 
Arawasi magazine, available directly from the publisher, retails at US$12 (about £7.80) plus $3.00 postage and packing and is worth every cent. It has far more substance (and less advertising) than many mainstream aviation magazines and a quality and depth of presentation that puts it firmly in the serious journal category. Very highly recommended.


Also from Arawasi, No.2 in their superlative Eagle Eye series features the Yokosuka/Kawanishi K5Y1 and K5Y2 Akatombo training biplane of the IJN in both its land and float configurations. This is a most complete and authoritative account of the type in 81 pages, packed with photographs, schematics and charts as well as fold-out plan drawings and profiles. Anyone who thinks that colour schemes for this particular aircraft are limited will be inspired by Zygmunt Szereneta's 18 superb and colourful profiles.

Fortunately the famous Akatombo is well served by good kits in 1/72, 1/48 and 1/32 scales, the various box arts for which are shown inside the rear cover. There is also a colour feature of a wonderful 1/25 scratch-built model by Tanaka Shôichi. Eagle Eye No.2 retails at US$25 (about £16) which is a bargain for the amount and quality of content provided. The book is an absolute must for anyone contemplating building the type in any scale and is very highly recommended.

Image credit: All © 2015 Arawasi






The Need for Speed: Developing and Delivering Saiun

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In an extended article for Aviation of Japan correspondent Mark Smith and co-author Mike Quan explore the development of the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service's elegant Nakajima C6N Saiun (彩雲 - vibrant cloud) carrier based reconnaissance aircraft. The article is illustrated with images of Mark's own Saiun prototype model, built from the Hasegawa kit.

From its inception the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service (大日本帝國海軍航空隊 - Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun Kōkū-tai)  had stringent demands and high expectations of those who designed and built its aircraft.  Performance specifications outlined for each new model required the highest level of innovation, financial risk, and imagination – and even then seemed impossible to meet. Successful designs like Mitsubishi’s A6M Zero fighter and Nakajima’s B5N torpedo bomber had proven the wisdom of such a course.  But in 1942, Nakajima’s design engineers were asked to deliver against a specification for a new experimental carrier reconnaissance plane that must have come as a jolt.


A top speed of 350 knots at 6,000 meters and a maximum range of 2,500 nautical miles would be required for a machine carrying three crewmen, state-of-the-art radio and camera gear, a rear-seat machine gun, and arresting gear for carrier operations.   The vaunted Zero-Sen, a pure fighter design unmatched in performance by any shipboard aircraft of any type then in service, had a top speed under 300 knots.


The need for speed was fundamental to long-range fleet reconnaissance, but had taken on a new urgency.  The Japanese knew that the Corsair and Hellcat would soon show up in the Pacific in significant numbers. Japan’s reconnaissance doctrine was heavily reliant upon catapult-launched floatplanes and long-range flying boats, and they had reliable aircraft and seasoned crews for these roles; against US forces in carrier versus carrier battles, however, they would not be enough.  While these aircraft had remarkable range, if spotted by Allied fighters, they seldom returned.  In the first few months of the Pacific war the Navy employed small numbers of carrier-based attack aircraft for reconnaissance to augment the reporting of “Jake” floatplanes and “Mavis” as well as the “Emily” flying boats just introduced to service.


But this would not prove the answer against the new foe.  Grumman F4F Wildcats, guided by Fighter Directors on American CVs who were quickly learning to exploit the USN’s critical edge in radar, kept showing up.  The risk of interception was high when enemy forces were known to be within the search radius.  If fighters did not score a kill, they could at least divert Japanese aircraft from their assigned search vectors.  Other factors pressed also.  IJN attack aircraft and their veteran crews were critically needed for their primary role when their own numbers were spread too thin, and the unforgiving nature of ocean navigation over trackless distances regularly claimed its own victims.  The hardest part of such a stressful mission came at the end, when weary crews had to find a carrier which might have changed course in their absence, usually under strictly imposed radio silence.  The absence of the air superiority the Japanese had known in China had changed the picture.   

JNAF carrier units were second to none in equipment, training, and skills.  But airborne reconnaissance missions that would give Combined Fleet the needed edge required greater range, speed, and a higher service ceiling than any IJN bird in the inventory. Where were the dedicated eyes of the fleet?


Right around the corner, some said; the scuttlebutt was that something special was on the way from Koizumi that would help Japan reclaim the initiative in the South Pacific.  Koizumi was a brand new facility, with Ohta Field and Nakajima’s Ohta plant virtually next door.  There the Navy and Nakajima had assembled their brightest lights in experimental flight-testing, as well as a crack team of mechanics and fitters.  Specific groups were assigned to investigate persistent problems critical to any new design’s success. According to Rene Francillon, the C6N design employed eighteen prototype and pre-production aircraft before production could commence.  But at Koizumi the Saiun improbably evolved into a viable design, as the airplane the Allies would come to know as “Myrt” came into its own.

Yasuo Fukuda was the project’s Airframe Section Chief. Instrumental in design and production of Nakajima’s the B5N (“Kate”) and its successor the B6N Tenzan (“Jill”), he knew what he was up against. Tenzan had held great promise, but was riddled with teething problems that had so far prevented it from attaining production status. The main problem was power.  The horsepower necessary to meet assigned requirements was unavailable in any Japanese engine of that time.  A three-seat carrier aircraft with a maximum speed of 250 knots, Tenzan was still mired in a long gestation period.  And in Saiun, the company was being asked to come up with a three-seat carrier aircraft 100 knots faster!


Though the C6N1 project was originally envisioned to use two yoked 1000 hp engines in order to provide the requisite power, Nakajima’s new air-cooled Homare, then being tested, promised almost as much power without the added weight and maintenance headaches such a complex design was bound to bring.  The decision was made for a more conventional single-engine design. Homare (“Honor”) was compact, its diameter only 30mm larger than the Zero’s reliable Sakae.  But at the necessary altitude of 6000 meters, it was found that the engine (which would always prove troublesome in service) would only yield 1600 horses.  However Nakajima’s design crew did the math, they needed the 400 additional hp originally promised in order to deliver the performance the JNAF demanded.  The only hope to make up the difference would require the simultaneous success of several radical design features.  While it was a longshot, there was no alternative due to the worsening war situation.

Nakajima would not regret choosing Homare, and concurrent events that supported its wisdom are worth relating here.  In 1943 the Kugisho (sometimes referred to as Yokosuka) had begun to test the 18-Shi Field Reconnaissance Aircraft assigned the name Keiun. Without the necessity of arresting gear or a short takeoff run, a land-based recon aircraft should have been able to match or exceed Saiun’s performance.  But early in its design stages a decision was made for the in-line installation of two German DB601 liquid-cooled engines, produced domestically in Japan as "Atsuta" (Type 30), in what was termed a "twin-type" mounting, with the two powerplants buried front-and-back in the fuselage. Navy engineers had a privately-purchased Heinkel 119 on hand for study which had the same arrangement.  The engines were connected, to each other and to the propeller, via a long extension shaft. It was a bold technique, but one dictated by the lack of a Japanese aero-engine equivalent to the Pratt & Whitney R-2800 or the later Rolls-Royce Merlins; and Keiun’s radical airframe design was not flexible enough to support a more typical powerplant.  The gremlins connected with the “twin-type” engine arrangement were never exorcised.  The Keiun program consumed precious time, personnel, and priorities for the sake of an airplane that accomplished one ten-minute test flight.


If the efforts expended on Keiun had been applied to existing Kugisho types suitably modified to undertake the land-based reconnaissance role, such as the D4Y Suisei (Judy) and P1Y Ginga (Francis), these aircraft could have been delivered to JNAF units badly needing them.  At least in Suisei’s case, this could have easily occurred by the beginning of 1944.  The earliest variant, the D4Y1-C, had proven an able purpose-built recon bird, with long range and high speed.  The fact that the first two were assigned to Soryu just in time for the Midway battle in mid-1942 indicates how early they might have been ready in numbers.  That battle marked the beginning of heavy Aichi D3A (Val) dive-bomber losses, however, and afterward Suisei production would concentrate solely on the dive-bomber version.  With later models of the D4Y, the removal of armament, carrier arresting gear, bomb load, and the hefty bomb release mechanism inside the bomb bay would have added significant speed for the recon mission, leaving only the need for radio and camera gear.  Just as importantly, the type was easily adapted to a radial engine (D4Y3) when the Atsuta inline models became unavailable, so the decision to continue so long with the Keiun program seems completely insupportable.  

The Navy would finally have the land-based reconnaissance aircraft it needed, but for all the wrong reasons: Keiun failed miserably, and by the time Saiun reached production, there were no Japanese carriers left from which to operate.  But these two aircraft represent what has often been the critical design decision: to build upon the proven and traditional, or to take the leap of faith for something new or revolutionary.


In a way, Saiun’s designers did both.  Airframe Section Chief Fukuda’s prime directive was to keep the airplane as small as possible, much the same way as the Zero was designed with constant emphasis on weight savings.  Special care was taken with an economically elegant cowling design to provide an exceptionally clean airflow entry.  The same attention was focused on the front fuselage area and the seven sections of the aircraft’s greenhouse canopy.  

The wing design, as originally submitted, was a shade less than two-thirds of Tenzan’s wing area, and appeared impossibly small to provide the necessary lift for carrier take-offs and landings while still meeting range and drag numbers.  It was agreed that only a laminar-flow wing could provide the necessary lift while reducing drag sufficiently to meet speed requirements.  Over 200 NACA airfoils were tested along with Nakajima's own K-Series airfoil, one of the latter being modified by 30-year-old engineer Naito Yasuo.  His successful creation resulted from what he called "sharpening" the leading edge profile.  As he explained in a two-part article printed in Koku-Fan magazine in the 1970s, this was a “delicate planing” of the leading edge of the airfoil shape that resulted in an increase in the lift coefficient at higher airflow regimes than the normally tested flow regimes then considered as ‘standard,’ as measured by Reynolds number.  Encyclopedia Britannica defines Reynolds number as a scientific, mathematical quantity that models/theorizes liquid or gas flow, measuring the aeronautically important factor of when airflow transitions from laminar to turbulent, at which point the drag increases on an airfoil.  (Lift coefficient equals drag forces divided by lift forces.)  Essentially, Naito was pinning his hopes on a combination of aeronautics and nascent technology which was then unproven in Japan - and in doing so, had stumbled into the same scientific area of research which NACA had conducted in the US that resulted in the laminar airfoil so successfully used most notably on the P-51 Mustang, endowing it with unusual speed and range.


Some business pressures never change.  The IJNAF, the ones who had mandated such stringent requirements, balked at approving the new technology Nakajima would require in meeting them.  Naito was briskly summoned to explain himself, as the Navy’s own engineers felt that precious time would be wasted in banking on an untested and seemingly impractical design.  As a result of these discussions, however, a new wooden model was made, and the wind tunnel tests Naito requested were granted.  There his calculations and daring were vindicated; the maximum lift-over-drag coefficient increased, while stall characteristics decreased.  This was the key basis for selling the Navy on such a controversially small wing, and Nakajima now set to work to make it as efficient as humanly possible.  

Leading edge slats and sophisticated double-slotted Fowler flaps were incorporated into the wing to further increase lift, and the ailerons could be lowered in conjunction with the flaps.  The slats were unlike those seen on most aircraft of the period such as the Fieseler Storch or Me109, which deployed automatically at a certain speed above stall; those on Saiun these were operated hydraulically by the pilot through the use of springs.


The inevitable down-side of all these efforts to make the airplane controllable for carrier operations was that the “center of lift” shifted dangerously aft, causing the nose to pitch down perilously at deck landing speed.  Nakajima engineers devised an ingenious solution that was to be reflected in many later jet designs: again using oil pressure, the entire horizontal stabilizer was made hydraulically articulated so that its angle could be changed upon final approach and arrest.  The tiny square cutout underneath these surfaces is the only external evidence of this critical innovation.   

Lift or no lift, though, Saiun would need increased acceleration for that short carrier take-off run, and the largest-diameter propeller feasible (3.5 meters) was chosen for the sake of its additional thrust (3.5 meters).  This helped take Saiun from zero to six thousand meters in 6 minutes, 20 seconds.  (Nakajima’s Hayate, a single-seat fighter using the same engine, climbed to the same height only ten seconds sooner).  In a way that mirrored the Vought Corsair’s needs and development, this in turn mandated a long set of landing gear legs for ground clearance.  Due to the selection of a laminar-flow wing, these would have to retract between the spars (instead of forward of the main spar as was the general design practice of the time), so as to least compromise the critical laminar shape of the airfoil.  Though this pushed the main gear legs back far enough to give the aircraft an awkward ‘sit’ and made for slightly more difficult ground handling, it was yet another make-or-break point in the airplane’s development.  It also mandated another unusual feature. A “smooth” oleo strut was designed by Engineer Sakamoto, an element that Naito Yasuo, writing thirty years after the war, would cite as critical to the aircraft’s success.  These struts, when retracted, were raked forward dramatically to compensate for being mounted so far aft.  


Unusually large panels of thicker gauge metal were used to skin the Saiun.  This would seem an odd choice in an aircraft where speed was essential and any weight savings important.  Yet the benefits proved otherwise: Saiun needed less than half of the number of rivets used in Tenzan, and the larger panels cut skin drag and speeded production.  An innovative wing spar utilized super-extruded duralumin for the upper and lower spar caps.  These features made for an exceptionally strong wing structure (required for the larger panels), and one capable of mounting three fuel tanks in each wing totaling 1300 liters.  The under-wing external fuel tank, the largest carried by any Japanese aircraft, added 730 liters.  Thus loaded, Saiun could roam for an astonishing 5300 kilometers.

Nakajima had completed the first prototype in March 1943 and flown it on May 15.  Flight test results suggested several changes that might refine performance, even as Nakajima was feeling increasing pressure to standardize the aircraft for production as the front pushed further north toward Japan.  Significant changes to the design included a new three-blade propeller of different section to replace the original four-blade unit, cowling and oil cooler refinements, and modified horizontal tail surfaces.  Originally unable to meet the critical speed requirement for its mission, after these changes the sleek Saiun was finally accepted for production in the spring of 1944, and first deliveries made to operational units in September.


The C6N1 made its combat debut during the battle for the Marianas, an unmitigated disaster for Japan.  By then of course it was far too late; though the Saiun was a sterling performer and could usually accomplish its mission well and safely, the photographs and reports it brought back were inevitably disheartening.  It was ironic that by war’s end, the only Japanese aircraft in production possessing truly exceptional performance by international standards were not ones bringing bullets or bombs to the fight, but types designed to spy on the enemy: the Army’s late-model Ki-46 Type 100s and the Navy’s C6N1 Saiun.  However elegant their design or elusive their performance, they could only bring home bad news.  Soon many were flying as pathfinders for Tokko and Kamikaze missions, and a ‘successful’ mission meant coming home alone.        

Attempts were made to transform both designs into fighters, utilizing diagonally-mounted cannon neither airframe had been designed to support.  The handful of examples of Saiun that were turned into night-fighters to protect Japan’s industrial cities against B-29s saw little if any success.   Mounting large-caliber weapons mid-cockpit of such a specialized design was merely a measure of Japan’s desperation.


Counting prototypes and production airframes, 463 examples of Saiun were built.  While the Zero was the pride of the Navy for much of the war, Saiun was easily the fastest and most exotic aircraft in its inventory in WWII.  It was a remarkable accomplishment of imagination and innovation in the face of Japan’s most crippling aviation shortcoming - horsepower.  American testing of at least one aircraft was undertaken after the war upon arrival of several airframes aboard jeep carriers.  “Myrt” had earned a deservedly high reputation among USAAF and USN pilots and intelligence officers in its brief time of service; with new plugs and the Homare perfectly tuned, for instance, it could not be caught by Hellcat pilots in a tail chase.  While the design elicited admiration stateside for its clean lines and performance, interest was academic; by war’s end American reconnaissance doctrine was firmly established in combat-ready fighter types also equipped with cameras, as had been ably vindicated by the P-38, Hellcat, and P-51.  And the new technology of the jet engine was here to stay.

The only surviving example of Saiun is now held in storage by the National Air and Space Museum in Washington D.C.  Found at Atsugi Air Base at war’s end, it had been converted to the night fighter role. Some of its cockpit appointments are long lost, and many of those that remain are unique to the armed version, to which only a handful were converted.  Roughly disassembled, it is still sadly derelict, and if restored, some areas would need re-fabrication.  It was last flown at Middletown, Pennsylvania, after which it sat at its tie-downs for many months through hard Northern weather, its tires soon flat and its once-polished metal surfaces chalking to gray - an ignominious end for a brilliant design.


Engineer Naito Yasuo’s account, as abstracted in English in Koku-Fan magazine, was the central source used for this article. I had only a photocopy of that article obtained long ago, which gave no clue to the particular issues where it appeared. That information would be greatly appreciated so we can provide it here. As this project became more ambitious and I struggled with a translation that had its own problems, and that treated subjects where my knowledge was insufficient, I was out of my depth.  In clarifying certain vagaries of that translation as they related to technical matters, in correcting my own mistakes regarding terminology, and particularly in rewriting the section about Reynolds number, I was greatly aided by Mike Quan’s careful reading and editing of the manuscript. His professional knowledge of the subject made such a difference. Errors that remain are entirely mine.          

Mark Smith

Image credit: All model photos © 2015 Mark Smith; Interior colour chips © 2015 Aviation of Japan 



Rising Models - 1/72 Hayabusa Kits

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Rising Models (aka Rising Decals) have released two complete Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa kits in 1/72nd scale. Based on the Special Hobby kits the new releases feature additional resin and photo-etch parts together with decal options to model two Hayabusa variants never previously kitted.


RM-01 Ki-43-II Early Model "Oscar" contains the Special Hobby Ki-43-II kit with a new resin cowling and replacement resin wing tips to make the first production variant of the II, together with a very neat five-part photo-etched annular oil cooler. The decal sheet offers four options:-
  • Ki-43-II of the 3rd Chutai leader, 64th Sentai in Burma, 1943 - in solid dark green over natural metal
  • Ki-43-II of 1st Rensei Hikotai at Sagami, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan in 1944 - this aircraft has dark green tiger stripes over natural metal
  • Ki-43-II of 54th Sentai on Formosa in May 1943 - this aircraft in dark green dapple mottle over natural metal was flown by Sgt Mineta May
  • Ki-43-II of 54th Sentai at Okadama, Hokkaido, Japan in 1944 - this solid dark green over natural metal aircraft was flown by the Sentai commander Maj Naosuke Kurokawa


The early production version of the II can best be distinguished in photographs by the small wedge-shaped auxiliary oil cooler beneath the cowling. This variant had an upgraded Ha-115 engine driving a three-bladed propeller with a downdraft carburettor intake located internally in the upper lip of the cowling, a reflector-type gunsight and the revised canopy design, but retained the annular oil cooler and original long wingspan of the Ki-43-I. Two prototypes were constructed in February 1942 but quantity production did not begin until December of that year with the first examples reaching operational units in early 1943. Some early Ki-43-II 64th Sentai examples appear in photographs with their headrests removed. The exact point of changeover to the later production II variant with the larger honeycomb oil cooler under the cowling and shortened wingspan is not known for certain but it was noted in the HQ SEAC Weekly Intelligence Summary # 16 of 5th March 1944:-

"Recent information from Technical Intelligence has now settled satisfactorily the question of the fighters in Burma with 'square wing tips'. It will be recalled that over a period these fighters have been constantly reported as HAMPS presumably because of the common characteristic of wing tip shape. It has now been established that this is the final development of Type I Fighter Oscar Mark 2 which has a reduced wing span, with blunt rounded tips, and this may give the false impression of HAMP. This new type of fighter has been identified since the withdrawal recently of some fighter strength and a reasonable assumption is that OSCAR Mk 2 will for the present form part of the normal replacement to fighter units."

The 64th Sentai Hombu and 3rd Chutai had withdrawn to Malaya in September 1943 giving a tentative date for the arrival in Burma of the short wingspan Oscars as the autumn (fall) of 1943. This in turn suggests the production figures for the early II with long wingspan was approximately 800 aircraft from December 1942 to circa August 1943.

Rising Models early production II kit will be an excellent and unusual addition to any Hayabusa line up.


RM-02 Ki-43-III b "Oscar"contains the Special Hobby Ki-43-III Ko kit with parts to make the experimental Otsu variant armed with two Ho-5 20mm cannon in the cowling position. The conversion parts consist of a new resin cowling and the raised fairings for the Ho-5. Decals for four options are provided:-
  • Ki-43-III Otsu prototype at the Tachikawa factory in September 1945 - in olive brown over grey with no unit markings
  • Ki-43-III Otsu of 64th Sentai at Curakore, Cambodia in 1945 - a 'what if' in olive brown over grey with yellow 3rd Chutai tail emblem
  • Ki-43-III Otsu of Kumagaya Army Flying School in 1945 - also a 'what if' in olive brown over grey with white Homeland Defence 'bandages' on the fuselage
  • Ki-43-III Otsu of 24th Sentai at Ilan (Alian?), Formosa in 1945 - another 'what if' in olive brown over grey with white 1st Chutai tail emblem


The kit compromises on accuracy because on the real Otsu the fuselage forward of the windscreen was lengthened by 20cm (approx 2.77mm in 1/72nd scale) and this is not represented by the conversion. Panel lines behind the cowling were also altered and the flaps on the aircraft were modified to a rectangular split-type rather than retaining the eliptical 'butterfly' flaps of the original design so sticklers for absolute accuracy will have a bit of work to do if they want the model to be exact. The design of the Special Hobby kit should facilitate the addition of a laminated styrene plug in front of the firewall, a technique I used for the LS Oscar (below) and which permits both an accurate dimensional increase and the tapering behind the cowling flaps to be represented, but the new panel lines would be tricky to add.


The usual explanation for the lengthening of the fuselage is that the aircraft centre of gravity had to be altered but it seems more likely that it was just to enable the larger weapons to fit. The Ho-5 was just over 30lbs heavier and 13.3cm longer than the Ho-103. Two aircraft were converted in December 1944, one of which was c/n 7884, but the performance of the aircraft was found to be so degraded during flight testing that it was decided not to proceed with production of this variant. With some reservation over the compromises to accuracy this kit will make another fine and interesting addition to a Hayabusa line up.  

Image credit: Kit images © 2015 Rising Models; LS Hayabusa wip author

Nate Special Attackers ~ Ki-27 Aces Extra 3

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Tokubetsu kôgeki - special attack - was a Japanese military euphemism for the tactic where aircraft would be deliberately used as piloted flying bombs to destroy Allied ships, the pilots expected and expecting to die in the attempt. Towards the end of 1944 the Japanese military determined that special attacks would be the most effective way to destroy Allied surface fleets threatening invasion of the home islands. In pursuit of this doctrine they began to form special attack units (tokubetsu kôgeki tai usually abbreviated to tokkôtai), and undertook the wholesale conversion and preparation of obsolete types of aircraft with which to conduct the operations. By the time that the Air General Army was formed for the final defence of Japan in April, 1945, a total of 800 aircraft had been prepared for special attack. This total included large numbers of obsolete Ki-27 fighters and trainers, together with Mansyu Ki-79 single and two seat trainers. 

The programme, which was hampered by Allied air attacks, involved the conversion of bombs, mountings and detonators with which to arm the obsolete aircraft. In order to complete this work the Japanese Army had to suspend research and development work on new weapons, instead diverting facilities and personnel to work on the preparation of suitable bombs. Those included modified IJNAF bombs with the Type 99 No.25 250 kg bomb typically being adapted for the Ki-27. The heavy bombs on fixed racks had a profound effect on the performance of the aircraft. The pilots, mostly novice flyers with a scattering of more experienced airmen and leaders, were in the main volunteers. Their aircraft were otherwise unarmed and they depended on escort fighters, not always provided, in order to reach their targets safely. 

Typical of those units was the 68th Shinbu-tai (振武 Shinbu - stirring the martial spirit and 隊 tai - unit) formed by the Hitachi Air Training Division on 23rd March 1945 and established at Tenryu airfield in Shizuoka Prefecture on Honshu with a complement of 12 Ki-27 Nates under the command of 2 Lt Iichi Yamaguchi, whose Ki-27 is the subject of the heading profile by Ronnie Olsthorn. The Ki-27 is shown painted in the late war olive brown # 7 colour but special attack Nates were also painted dark blue and dark grey. From photographs of this aircraft it appears that the lustrous paint was newly applied and there is little flaking or wear. The unit insignia consisted of the numbers '6' and '8' fashioned into the shape of a bomb, but might not have been applied to all aircraft of the unit. At the top of the rudder were the characters for the Yamaguchi family name. The 68th moved to Chiran on Kyushu in preparation for attacks on US shipping laying off Okinawa and commenced operations on 8th April 1945. Also participating in these attacks as part of the Dai Ni Kikusui Sakusen (2nd Floating Chrysanthemum Operation) was Nekohashi-tai, the 42nd Shinbu-tai consisting of 12 Ki-27 Nates under the command of 2 Lt Yoshiaki Nekohashi.  This unit was formed on 29th January 1945 at the Akeno Air Training Division and all its pilots were officers.  

The first clash between these units and the US Navy occurred on the morning of 11 April 1945 when several groups of Japanese aeroplanes began approaching the Radar Picket (RP) stations  protecting the fleet. Corsairs from USS Intrepid intercepted a formation of 12 Ki-27 Nates approaching from the north and claimed to have shot down all of them.  On 12 April at 1352 hrs five Nates attacked LCS(L) (Landing Craft Support - Large) 57, part of RP 2 which had already come under attack from Japanese naval special attack aircraft. Three of the Nates made a co-ordinated attack on the vessel and two were shot down whilst the third, badly damaged, crashed only ten feet from the ship and blew an eight foot hole in its hull. The ship’s steering was damaged and she began to list so her commander Lt Harry L Smith implemented emergency steering and ordered her to sail towards Okinawa. As the ship withdrew a fourth Nate attacked her but was shot down by CAP (Combat Air Patrol) fighters and the ship’s defensive fire. At 1430 hrs a fifth Nate managed to evade the CAP and survive the ship's defensive fire to crash into her bow, destroying a 40mm gun position and killing two of the crew.  Despite the damage and fire on board LCS(L) 57 managed to stay afloat and even to rescue survivors from LCS(L) 33 which had been sunk during the attack.

Ki-27 Special Attack damage to LCS(L) 57

On the same day the destroyer escort USS Rall DE 304, part of the submarine screen of Task Force 51.5, was attacked by two aircraft that had managed to penetrate the picket ships and CAPs. One of these aircraft, a Nate, approached Rall from her starboard side whilst the other approached simultaneously from port. The ship’s defensive fire brought down the port side attacker but the Nate kept coming only ten feet above the water and slammed into the hull just below deck level. The Nate’s 250 kg bomb was hurled through the ship during the impact, exited the far side and exploded 15 feet from the ship. Despite a continuation of attacks by other aircraft, including a strafing Ki-43 Hayabusa which set off a depth charge locker, Rall also survived.

Wreckage of Nate Special Attacker ~ Katakana character ヤ 'ya' on fin tip

In an attempt to prevent the bombs being thrown from the racks on impact and passing through the targeted ships before exploding the IJAAF began fitting extended strikers protruding ahead of the aircraft so that the bombs exploded on contact with the hull.

Damage to USS Rall recorded in USN Report

Other tokkôtai units know to have used the Ki-27 for suicide attacks were the 41st Makoto Hikotai (Honesty or loyalty air unit), the 76th Shinbu-tai and the 108th Shinbu-tai. Despite the determination  of the young Ki-27 pilots who had sacrificed themselves on 12 April, the fate of the special attackers encountered by the Corsairs of VMF-323 “Death Rattlers” on the late afternoon of 28 April 1945 was the more typical outcome. The 12 Corsairs under the command of Maj George C Axtell were assigned to picket duty over the radar picket destroyers north of Okinawa, flying at 12,000 ft when Lt Jeremiah J O’Keefe spotted five bogies at 8-10,000ft in clear, sunny weather. Obtaining permission for his division to investigate O’Keefe identified the enemy aircraft as bomb-laden Ki-27s. The three Corsairs, Axtell, O’Keefe and Hood circled the formation of Nates which made no attempt to evade and then attacked them from 5 and 7 o’clock. O’Keefe hit the lead aircraft in the cockpit from 300 yards, exploding it. Streaking past the falling debris in a shallow dive he saw another Nate diving towards the sea and lining up on its tail exploded that one too. Bill Hood also downed two Nates and Axtell one. None of the Ki-27s had made any attempt to defend themselves and their only evasive manouevres were to dive towards the sea when attacked.

(This article completes the publication of the omitted chapters from Ki-27 Aces.)

Image credit: Profile © 2015 Ronnie Olsthoorn; Photos and schematic USN Archives




Dr Frank Mitchell's Nakajima B4N1 Prototype in 1/32nd scale

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Ken Glass very kindly sent these photos of Dr Frank Mitchell's stunning 1/32nd scale scratchbuilt model of the Nakajima B4N1 prototype taken at the IPMS Atlanta Third Annual Model Contest held on 21 March this year.



In Ken's own words:-

"While at the show I renewed my too brief acquaintance with Dr. Frank Mitchell, well known for his large scale scratch built models. His work is shown at the HyperScale and Large Scale Planes websites.  Dr. Mitchell brought with him some old favorites for display, including his Nakajima B4N1 prototype model. The build was featured at HyperScale on 3 June 2004:-




"The B4N1 model is unusual, interesting and deserving of another look and Dr. Mitchell was kind enough to allow me to take photos of his build, now showing effects from extended storage since 2004. The laminated plastic sheeting covering the wings and fuselage has split at a few seams, visible in some of the photos.



"Dr. Mitchell related that his project began in the mid 1970s when he was then living in the Maryland area.  The only known photo of the B4N1 prototype was made known to him by his friend Robert Mikesh who was then working at the NASM restoration facility.  They consulted on a model project at some length but Dr. Mitchell's build did not proceed in earnest until the mid 1990s for various reasons.  In all that time to the present, no other photos of the original plane have appeared.  My thanks to Dr. Mitchell for graciously allowing me to photograph his model, reviewing the photo scans that resulted and allowing his model and build remembrances to be posted here at Nick's blog.



"The B4N type is interesting in that it demonstrates the logic used by Nakajima's early 1930s designers as they moved in incremental steps from the preceding biplane era configuration towards the then new monoplane arrangement, to be seen a few years later in their follow-on B5N design.  The B4N1 featured large cockpit sidewall gas tanks. This detail was detected by Dr. Mitchell using x4 enlargements of the B4N1 photo.  The HyperScale article shows how those gas tanks were depicted on the model.  That arrangement was dropped for the later B5N design.  It is likely the B4N1 prototype served to trial other then new design concepts, that either passed of failed during trials with the prototype.  The later B5N type was a success almost from the start, likely due in some measure to Nakajima's prior experience with their B4N design."

Dr Frank Mitchell


With special thanks to Ken and Dr Mitchell for sharing these images of a beautiful model of a most unusual aircraft with Aviation of Japan. More images from the Atlanta Contest to follow.

Update Notice

Following some recent correspondence Kit Trivia ~ Another Veteran Zero, a blog about the Frog 1/72nd scale Zero-Sen from 1959, has been updated with additional kitography, box art and the image of an excellent model.

Image credit: © 2015 Ken Glass with permission of Dr Frank Mitchell






Update ~ Arawasi Eagle Eye Series No.2

Zeros Galore!

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Zero models (and Zero Aces) are a perennial favourite with modellers all over the world and there has never been a better selection of quality kits from which to build examples of them. If only the abundance of kits and their popularity were matched by more attention to the real colours of the aircraft rather than a dogged adherence to the mythology that has grown up about them. As recently as last year forum pundits were opining about 'clear lacquer coats' based on nothing more than 'belief' and muddying the waters yet again. And don't get me started on the fad for depicting abundant paint-peeling bare metal.



Having said that no apologies are offered for showcasing some very fine and accurately painted 1/72 models of Mitsubishi's A6M carrier fighter over the next two blog posts, in reverse evolutionary order and beginning with a superb duo of A6M3 Model 32 Zeros crafted by Oleg Pegushin. Both models represent aircraft of the Tainan Kokutai, the camouflaged example Tai-180 as flown by ace NAP 1/c Takeo Tanimizu from bases on Formosa (Taiwan) during September 1944. Oleg's build report, in Russian, is here and includes many useful images of the real aircraft and artifacts.



Oleg's models were built in parallel from the mainstream Tamiya and restricted issue Fine Molds kits. Oleg wanted to know if the Fine Molds kit is still the best 1/72 Zero and discovered that the Tamiya kit appears to have some problems with geometry around the cockpit compared to the drawings in the FAOW book.


In Oleg's opinion, although the Tamiya kit has some finer details, the Fine Molds kit is still better, but he admits that maybe that is because he only has a few of them "in stock" and needs to advocate purchase of this more expensive kit! The Tamiya A6M3 is still a beautiful kit, he says, also more affordable and easier to obtain.



Both kits were made out of the box with only the markings for the Tamiya model from Rising decals. Oleg used Vallejo and some Gunze Sangyo (GSI Creos) paints. He tried to replicate scratches and paint wearing on the dark green camouflaged Fine Molds model using a special Vallejo fluid but didn't like it as it results in an orange peel effect. Oleg's build report, in Russian, is here.



Although not the most popular of the A6M Zero variants I have always had a fondness for the look of the A6M3 Model 32 which is well displayed in Oleg's excellent photographs. It was the very first of the Hasegawa early generation Zeros that I ever built, ignoring Mitsubishi painting practice and taking the 'pale blue' part of the IJN aotake description (淡青色透明) too literally. The pugnacious stance of this variant has appealed to me ever since.



The type designation A6M3 Model 22 was intended to designate the marriage of a developed Sakae 21 engine - with two-speed, two-stage supercharger, down draught carburettor (with the air intake in the upper cowling lip rather than beneath the cowling as in the A6M2) and a re-geared 10 ft propeller - to an essentially A6M2 airframe. The intention was to improve altitude and climb performance. However flight testing of the prototypes demonstrated disappointing performance and the test pilots suggested that the folding wing tips of the A6M2 should be removed. By doing this, fairing over the wingtips to create a clipped, square-tipped wing with shorter wingspan and modified ailerons, other improvements resulted - a better roll rate, reduced stick forces, and a faster level speed - so the planned Model 22 was shelved and the improved version ordered into production as the Model 32 instead. There was initially some discussion about the designation of this variant before it was settled on as A6M3 Model 32.



However front line pilots didn't really like the A6M3 Model 32 for various reasons and with the Guadalcanal campaign its limited range (it carried 22 gals of fuel less than the A6M2 and was heavier) became a strategic issue forcing the deployment of the earlier A6M2 for long range sorties. The operational requirements for a longer range were then incorporated into the improved engine design with a reversion to the original longer wing (but without the folding tips) to accommodate fuel tanks in the outer section and aileron balancing tabs to reduce the control forces on the longer aileron. Although this variant actually followed the Model 32 the previously intended designation of Model 22 was reinstated for this version.

Oleg's A6M3 collection, with "one he made earlier"

The Models 32 and 22 were manufactured exclusively by Mitsubishi with the first production examples of the former emerging from the factory in June 1942 and the Model 22 from December 1942 when the last 23 Model 32 aircraft were manufactured. Production of the Model 22 then continued until August 1943. In total only 340 Model 32 and 560 Model 22 were produced. All A6M3 Model 32 Zeros and the first 225 A6M3 Model 22 Zeros were delivered in the standard overall amber grey finish. From approximately mid-March 1943 Zero fighters engaged in the Solomons campaign began to have dark green upper surface camouflage applied to them in the field. The application methods varied and there was no standardised pattern. Deep green paints of unknown origin were applied to the upper surfaces of the aircraft in mottles of varying density, blotches, tiger stripes and even cross-hatched patterns. Later aircraft still in use in second line or training roles were re-painted in the standard solid deep green black over amber grey scheme. 

With special thanks to Oleg for sharing these images of his excellent models. 

Image credits: All photographs © 2015 Oleg Pegushin













Mark Smith's 1/72 Tamiya A6M2

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This superb evocation of a Pearl Harbor A6M2 in 1/72 scale by Mark Smith is a natural prequel to Oleg Pegushin's A6M3 duo of yesterday. The model, made from the Tamiya kit, not only came first in its own category at the Fort Worth Supercon show but also won Best World War II Subject there from amongst 150 entries of aircraft, armour and ships. Mark has kindly penned some thoughts about the model and its colour for Aviation of Japan.



"I remember that my return to model-making as an adult was spurred by opening the then-new Monogram AT-6.  It was quite exotic for its day, and still makes a beautiful model when built.  I can’t help thinking that the new-tool 1/72 Tamiya Zeros (they make the Model 21, 22, 32, and 52c) could serve the same purpose in luring many out of modeling hibernation and back into playing with plastic.  I don’t even build 1/72; that’s the Dark Side.  But when I received this as a Christmas gift, I was amazed; a little single malt convinced me I should at least take the parts off the sprues that night and see how things fit.  They fit.  And I ended up building it.  It’s a masterpiece.  The cockpit somehow gives up nothing to its 1/48 big brother.  The landing gear is a press-fit - aligned - without glue. So I don’t buy the occasional quibble I hear that these kits are pricey. They’re worth every penny.



At the recent Fort Worth show, several people asked about what paint was used on this model, and it’s interesting that whilst the ancient Humbrol A/N2 shade is indeed a dead dog - nevertheless I sensed that the 'new' paradigm (not so new now) is generally perceived to be on the greener rather than browner side of things.  It is still a color that surprises, and it seemed so dark and so brown when mixed that I wasn’t so sure.  The first time I saw the color on a model was Greg Springer’s 1/48 build of Iida’s Zero from Soryu many years ago.  Greg’s research and effort to establish an accurate mix were truly meticulous and at that show the model created a great deal of interest – and, of course, not a little doubt among some at the time.  After all, it wasn’t even close to Humbrol A/N2!  There are fewer of us now (at least here in North Texas, it seems we are not being replaced in kind) and we have generally mellowed as we have gotten rounder to realize that the color of airplanes is not a ditch worth fighting over, much less dying in.  But we are still damned interested.  Considering the body of evidence for this color and the well-marshalled arguments on this blog, at j-aircraft.com and in Bob Mikesh’s work, I think more than anything this demonstrates the sway that model paint manufacturers have over received opinion.  



"This is not a criticism of any of those companies as I’d rather see them taking a crack at specialty colors than not.  But it is fairly strange that Tamiya’s shade for this color does not better reflect the value of so many relics measured by eye and colorimeter that, taken together, are surprisingly consistent, and which have been documented and presented with such care over several years.  Nor do they match the relevant Model Art chips, or the large chips from the T-Stoff Japanese chip chart (which has held up well in comparison to much later work).  In fact I don’t know what source these are meant to match, if anything.  After all, Tamiya is known for the traditionally superb research behind their products.  But in taking care to mix the color for this model using Greg Springer's Tamiya formula cited in Nick’s guide to Painting the Early Zero-Sen, I was surprised how different the results were from Tamiya AS-29 or XF-76, the two colors Tamiya has marketed for what is now generally termed J3.  An unscientific description: the Tamiya color is close – but not really.  Too green.    



"It was suggested in the guide that this mix could be lightened using ‘light green’ and so my next question was, as you can guess, ‘what light green?’  And such could quickly lead to questions like, ‘What is light green, anyway?’ and maybe putting on some Bill Evans – and a total loss of initiative. (I know about these things).  So I tried this and that, and ironically the best paint I found to slightly lighten the custom mix without much loss of the warm olive tone was…Tamiya XF-76!  But it doesn’t take much to shift the color.  Like most readers of this blog I have many books and resources on the Zero, but regardless of what one uses for reference when building one, Painting The Early Zero-Sen is the perfect complement for providing all essential color information in one place, cross-referencing several systems of color standards through a graded range of color chips.  Nor does it leave out alternative interpretations or known exceptions regarding the listed standards.  Luddite that I am, I printed mine out and had it comb-bound for a workbench copy."    

As Mark observes, in addition to a diehard body of opinion (and art) that still dresses early Zeros in a near white livery, there is a strong tendency towards pale, bright, lime-greenish grey-greens that mimic the RAF paint colour Sky and are sometimes referenced to 'pistachio', above and below Zero models of all variants. The Methuen Handbook of Colour sets pistachio green as 28 C 4 and I have only one word for anyone who still thinks that represents the paint colour of the Zero - no! You need to be looking way back at 4 D 4 which Methuen describes as olive brown. The difficulty in appreciating the true colour value of the paint is evidenced by its slippery appearance under different forms of illumination as shown in the last pair of photos taken by Mark above. Indeed there are those who, observing an accurately painted model, will still perceive a colour more like RAF Sky (even one of the photos here drifts towards that impression), the amber - yellowish-brown - undertone being completely invisible to their personal colour acuity. 

With special thanks to Mark Smith for sharing these images of his prize-winning model at the show and to Bert Greynolds for taking them. And a special tip of the hat to James F Lansdale and Greg Springer for their pioneering efforts in the pursuit of true colours.

Image credits: Bert Greynolds via Mark Smith and Mark Smith



Zbyszek Malicki's 1/72 Fine Molds A6M2

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Another fine Zero model in the divine scale! This time an A6M2 built by Zbyszek Malicki from the finely moulded Fine Molds kit with just the addition of a little engine wiring and aftermarket decals from Aeromaster. 



The model was painted with ACJ16 Mitsubishi Zero Grey-Green from the former White Ensign Colourcoats range which is now being marketed in the UK by Sovereign Hobbies (and also available in the USA via H&B Hobbies).



The model represents the A6M2 flown by Lt Sumio Nono, the leader of the 4th Fighter Combat Unit from the carrier Hiryu participating in the second wave Pearl Harbor attack.



Lt Nono led nine Zeros as escort to 18 B5N2 'Kates' from the carrier Shokaku attacking Kaneohe Naval Air Station. After a single strafing pass of Kaneohe Lt Nono's Zeros flew on to strafe Bellows Field. There the Zeros shot down one P-40 as it was attempting to take off and a second which had managed to get into the air to engage the Zeros.



With special thanks to Zbyszek for sharing these images of his excellent model.



Image credits: All © 2015 Zbyszek Malicki




Juan Contreras' 1/72 Hayabusa

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This splendid Ki-43-II model built by Juan Contreras from the Hasegawa kit demonstrates both its basic fidelity and his skill. The model represents the controversial 50th Hiko Sentai ace Satoshi Anabuki's Fubuki (吹雪 - Snowstorm or Blizzard) in a personal but convincing interpretation of camouflage which has been variously depicted over the years. Juan's model wears a similar scheme to the Rikyu Watanabe artwork of Anabuki's Kimikaze (君風 - Imperial Wind) gracing the cover of 'Japanese Army Air Force Fighter Units and Their Aces' (Grub Street, 2002).


Juan used Vallejo Model Air paints for the camouflage, representing the dark green over dried grass colour with 71.043 Olive Drab and 70.610 IJA Karekusa iro, with Tamiya and Mr Color (GSI Creos - Gunze) paints for everything else, except the spinner hub, which is White Ensign Colourcoats paint. 


When the 1/72 Hasegawa Hayabusa was first released in 1982 the instructions for Anabuki's aircraft called for a mottled finish of "khaki green spots on dark green"using the old Gunze paints # 15 (dark green) and # 55 Khaki (ka-kiカーキ). The box art by Shigeo Koike depicted a rather indeterminate mottled scheme of dark and light greens. Rikyu Watanabe's cover art depicted Kimikaze's camouflage as a more regular dark green mottle over a solid base of dried grass colour - a slightly greenish sand brown. There is a complication (and digression) here in that the IJAAF paint colour standards included both Kaki iro - 柿色 - which actually means persimmon colour - an orange brown - and Karekusa iro - 枯草色 - the dried grass colour.  Ka-ki colour カーキ色 (Katakana) and Kaki colour 柿色 (Kanji) are distinct and different. The former now covers a broad perception from the wartime drab brown Japanese Army colour to a more modern greenish khaki, often approaching an olive green. The persimmon colour included in the IJAAF standards is a much stronger orange brown. But there is the potential for much confusion. Further complications arise from the colloquial tendency to describe khaki as dried grass colour and vice versa.   With the re-issue of the Hasegawa kit in 1987 the instructions for Anabuki's aircraft were revised to suggest a dark green mottle over natural metal finish, probably based on an interpretation of photos showing Anabuki standing by his aircraft or in the cockpit at Akeno.

With special thanks to Juan for sharing these images of his excellent model.

Image credits: All © 2015 Juan Contreras


    

John Haas' 1/48 Mitsubishi K3M3 'Pine'

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John Haas very kindly shares these images of his latest 1/48th scale scratch built model of the Mitsubishi K3M3 'Pine' (Navy Type 90 Land-based Crew Training Airplane - 海軍 九〇式 機上作業練習 機), something of a departure from Zekes and Oscars - and there were no 'Pine' Aces that I know of.



At first John thought that building this model would be smooth going the whole way as it resembles a Fokker Universal. How wrong he was! It turned out to be a rather complex model to build with that strange construction of the cockpit floor lined up between the side windows. He was unable to find many clear photographs and hardly any interior drawings. 



The most difficult part was how to securely fix the relatively large and heavy wings to the small edge of the fuselage. In this case the wing-struts really act as support for the wings. The 1/72 AZ Models K3M3 kit with all parts provided is far from being a straightforward construction so John's achievement is all the more remarkable for being entirely scratch built. 



At the end John was happy with the result, considering it not perfect, but giving a good impression of this special aircraft. I'd be happy with this from a kit - let alone scratch built! John's model is finished in the wartime scheme of deep green black upper surfaces which were gradually applied to aircraft in the overall orange yellow trainer scheme from July 1943.



This aircraft originated in a 1928 Mitsubishi private venture to provide a cohesive multi-crew trainer for navigation, wireless operation, air gunnery, bomb aiming and photo-reconnaissance functions. The idea was that several aircrew trades could learn their skills in a single training flight under the auspices of an instructor. The resultant wooden biplane M-13, designed by the expatriate Sopwith engineer Herbert Smith, attracted no official interest but the concept of a multi-crew trainer was established when the Mitsubishi designer J. Hattori designed the Ka-2 the following year and the Imperial Japanese Navy ordered two prototypes.



The first prototype was constructed with a liquid-cooled engine and despite problems with vibration and stability this type of power plant was persisted with up to the fourth prototype with various airframe improvements designed to alleviate the stability issues. With the installation of a Mitsubishi air-cooled engine the design was officially accepted as the Type 90 Model 1 Crew Trainer with production of 70 examples from 1932 to 1935. In 1938 performance was enhanced to reduce flight training time by the installation of a Nakajima Kotobuki engine and airframe refinements. In this form as the Type 90 Model 2 Land Flight Crew Trainer (later re-designated Type 90 Land Crew Flight Trainer Kai) the design soldiered on until the end of the Pacific war, with 245 examples manufactured by Aichi Kokuki from 1938 to 1939 as the K3M2 and 301 examples manufactured by Watanabe Tekkojo as the K3M3 from 1939 to 1940.  


With special thanks to John for sharing these images of his impressive model.

Image credits:- All © 2015 John Haas

More Zeros! Danilo Renzulli's 1/72 A6M2 & A6M3

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Inspired by recent Zero blogs here Danilo Renzulli has kindly shared these images of his own two Zero models in 1/72nd scale, both depicting slightly weathered finishes. The A6M2 is the second generation Hasegawa kit whilst the A6M3 is the more recent Tamiya kit. Both built OOB except for the addition of some cockpit and rivet detail.



Danillo tried to replicate the rivet texture on all surfaces and accepted the challenge of painting both models in the elusive amber-grey colour. The final result shows how tricky the colour is - just a change of light and the amber-grey immediately looks either a bit more greenish or more yellowish! He used a mix of Humbrol paints: - 28 Matt Camouflage Grey, 62 Matt Leather, 86 Matt Light Olive and 99  Matt Lemon without noting the proportions used, simply adding the various colours until satisfied with the appearance of colour in the jar. 28 played the major role being both of a light and warm grey hue.



The partial chalking effect here and there was achieved by replacing the grey paint with some White 34 in the above mixture, then dry-brushing the model with a flat soft brush. The same mixture was used to paint the fabric surfaces on the amber-grey base. The Hinomaru and all the coloured stripes were air brushed.



Danilo observes that the Tamiya kit is so well detailed that he only had to add a few photo-etched parts in the cockpit. He describes it as a fantastic model, going together with no problem and with no need for any putty at all, for the first time in his long modelling experience.



The models were weathered with a diluted mix of black and red, and a silver pencil. To avoid affecting the weathering and overall finish he didn't apply any protective coat or transparent varnish. The "no walk" and prop blades stripes were from some sheets of transfer lines that he has jealously kept since the 1970s!

With special thanks to Danilo for sharing these images of his excellent Zero pair.

Image credits: All © 2015 Danilo Renzulli

New Rising Decals for Army Trainers

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We'll soon be back to Zeros (and Aces) but in the meantime the latest Japanese aviation related sheet from the prolific Rising Decals is RD72070 for Japanese Army Aircraft of the Training Units Pt.II with markings for nine subjects including the Ki-27, Ki-55, Ki-79, Ki-43 and Ki-44. The individual subjects are as follows:-

  • Ki-27 of 111th Kyoiku Hiko Rentai (Educational Air Regiment), Korea, 1943 - two options are provided, for an aircraft with numerals '68' on the nose and wheel spats removed and for an aircraft with twin fuselage stripes, both in overall grey-green and sporting the unit insignia in red on the tail.
  • Ki-27 of Hamamatsu Rikugun Hiko Gakko (Army Flying School) - this striking Ki-27 is based on a monochrome photograph so the colours are necessarily speculative. It is unusual as Hamamatsu was principally a bomber training school. It might be the personal runaround of the establishment commander or perhaps used for 'bounce' training of air gunners. The school insignia was usually white, red or yellow. 
  • Ki-55 of 34th Kyoiku Hikotai at Kemayoran, Java, 1945 - a field camouflaged trainer with elaborate tail insignia and large white numerals '56' on the fuselage. Note that although shown as such in the profile the actual aircraft was not fitted with wheel spats (hat tip to Jacob Terlouw).
  • Ki-55 of 3rd Kyoiku Hikotai - another training aircraft in a field camouflaged scheme of streaky green over the original yellow. This unit was previously designated the 103rd but the tail marking is associated with their Ki-51 special attack unit - Shichishou-Shoudoh Tai - and might not be the original training unit marking. The kikusui (floating chrysanthemum) emblem is associated with special attackers. Although this particular aircraft has been reported as being at Gifu, the 3rd was part of the 107th Kyoiku Hiko Dan which came under 55th Kyoiku Hiko Shidan HQ at Singapore. It was also known as Oka No.15315 Unit and was an Army Co-op training unit based at Taiping in Malaya, operating the Ki-36, Ki-51 and Ki-54. According to one source the circle marking was painted in Chutai colours.
  • Ki-79a of unknown training unit at Andir, Java, 1945 - two options are provided, for aircraft with alternative white fuselage numerals '9' or '10'. Both have the unit tail insignia of three stylised red arrows.
  • Ki-43-I of Akeno Rikugun Hiko Gakko, Mie Prefecture, 1942 - this fighter trainer is depicted in green and brown camouflage with a white painted rudder and white rectangular background to the fuselage Hinomaru.
  • Ki-44-II Hei of Tachiarai Rikugun Hiko Gakko, Kyushu, 1944 - Although Tachiarai was not notionally included in the scheme this Shoki was possibly prepared as an air defence fighter of the Tõ Ni Go Butai (Secondary Provisional Units) flown by instructors and test pilots at air training and testing establishments during bombing raid alerts. It has the flying school insignia of the kanji character 大 ('ta' for Tachiarai) on the rudder and the yellow trim associated with those units in the form of a diagonal fuselage band and fin/rudder stripes combined with a very worn looking camouflage finish. 

RD72070

This is yet another excellent sheet from Rising Decals offering some interesting and unusual alternative schemes for popular Army training aircraft models. Army training unit nomenclature and organisation can be confusing but fighter training units were designated processionally upwards from Renshu Hikotai, (approx. Training Transformation Air Unit) which provided basic flying training in dual control biplanes, to the subsequent Kyoiku Hikotai (approx. Educational Air Unit) where students flew the Ki-27, its single and two seat trainer variant the Ki-79, and the fighters they would eventually fly in combat such as the Ki-43 and Ki-61. Finally in the Rensei Hikotai (approx. Learning Air Unit) student pilots received advanced operational training and were taught combat tactics such as the rotte system. The Rensei Hikotai were frequently used to provide an auxiliary air defence capability. 


With special thanks to Mirek of Rising Decals for providing the review sheet. 

Image credits: All images © 2015 Rising Decals


Rising Decals ~ New 1/72 Resin Sets

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Two new and one recent resin sets from Rising Decals in 1/72nd scale offer opportunities to model interesting variations on some well known Army fighter types. Each set contains a small decal sheet appropriate to the subject and they are priced at £4.99 each in the UK.

RD Acr-015

RD Acr-015 is a welcome set of Ro-San Dan (Ro-3 ordinance) experimental air-to-air rockets for the Ki-43-II with markings for aircraft '55' of the Army Air Testing Centre in mid-1944. The set consist of four resin rails and separate rockets to be installed two to each wing on the Hasegawa or Special Hobby kits.  The test aircraft displays an unusual camouflage presumed to be a well delineated dark red-brown mottle over dark green. A photograph of this aircraft may be seen in a 2009 Aviation of Japan blog here. The camouflage might also have been a dark green mottle over a light brown or lighter green base colour. The decal sheet consists of white-bordered Hinomaru in six positions and the white numerals '55' for the rudder. Colours of the rails and rockets are unknown but are shown in what appears to be grey and black respectively. 

RD Acr-021

RD Acr-021 is a replacement resin cowling with individual exhaust stacks for a late production Ki-44-II Hei intended for the venerable Hasegawa kit, filling a gap in a Shoki variant line-up. The exact number of Hei machines produced with these individual stacks is unknown but photographs of them are rare and decals are provided for the only known example, an aircraft said to be from the 70th Sentai photographed at the naval air base at Iwakuni, Japan in September 1945. It is possible that the rudder was taken as a replacement from another aircraft belonging to that unit but according to Richard M Bueschel* the 70th received a few aircraft of this type and one was flown by the commander of the 47th Sentai. The individual 'jet' exhausts were first installed on the Ki-44-III prototype, a modified Ko manufactured in June 1943 and in production the Ko version of this variant was expected to have an increased wing area, enlarged tail, Ha.145 engine with four-bladed prop and Ho 5 20mm armament in the fuselage and wings. The Otsu version was expected to carry Ho 203 37mm armament in the wings but neither went into production, presumably their need supplanted by the Ki-84. Although the badly worn colour scheme is suggested to be 'Dark Green (Nakajima)' (Gunze 129) in the instructions an alternative possibility is the late war olive brown # 7 colour. The decals consist of Hinomaru in six positions, a white senchi hiyoshiki fuselage stripe and the full 70th Sentai insignia in red. Curiously when K Hashimoto illustrated the Ki-44-III for the older FAOW series he depicted it with the individual exhausts as two sets of three rather than the 1, 2, 3 configuration in the photograph, even though that photo was included in the book.

*'Nakajima Ki-44 in Japanese Army Air Force Service', Schiffer, 1996 (originally published under the same title by Osprey in 1970)

RD Acr-024

RD Acr-024 consists of two replacement resin cowling panels to model the Ki-43-II Kai using the Special Hobby Ki-43-III Ko kit. The cowling front from that kit will be needed so using this set with the Hasegawa kit would require some ingenuity and fettling. The individual exhaust stacks on the Nakajima-built II Kai were in a different pattern to the Tachikawa-built III Ko, with a distinct single upper stack curving downwards, but the two versions have often been confused, especially as late production II Kai also had the water-methanol system installed with filler spout under the cockpit canopy. Decals are included for an aircraft presumed to be from the 31st Sentai as photographed at Clark Field in the Philippines in the summer of 1945. The 31st was originally a Ki-30 'Ann' light bomber unit established in August 1938 from a re-organisation of the 5th Flying Battalion. The unit served over Thailand and Burma at the start of the Pacific War, then in July 1942 was withdrawn to Tunhua, Manchuria as part of the 10th Air Brigade (together with the 27th Sentai) and the following year began converting to a fighter unit equipped with the Ki-43. The unit was subsequently transferred to the Philippines (along with other units of the 2nd Air Division) to become part of the 13th Air Brigade ostensibly together with the 29th and 30th Sentai. The transfer of units from Manchuria to the Philippines was started towards the end of May 1944 and completed by early July. The 29th Sentai, which had re-equipped with the Ki-44, was detached from the Brigade and transferred directly from Manchuria to Formosa in July 1944. At the beginning of the Philippines invasion the 30th and 31st were based at airfields around Clark but thereafter their status and operations become uncertain. 4th Air Army Operations records suggest that they were operating with very small numbers of aircraft and were not only consolidated together but perhaps with other Ki-43 equipped units.  The 31st Sentai insignia of a lightning bolt was said to be red for all aircraft with the Chutai (squadrons) distinguished only by the number of horizontal white stripes displayed behind it - one for 1st, two for 2nd and three for 3rd Chutai. However, the absence of white stripes on the Ki-43 suggests that the Chutai designation system might have been changed or that the number of aircraft available for operations precluded the need to distinguish them.

With special thanks to Mirek of Rising Decals for providing these sets for review.

Image credits: All © 2015 Rising Decals


Dan Salamone's 1/48 Airfield Vehicles

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Dan Salamone has very kindly shared these images of two of his recently completed 1/48th scale Japanese airfield vehicle projects.



The Army Isuzu TX40 airfield tug (above) was converted from the Hasegawa 1/48 cargo truck version. Dan started this project back in 2012, and based it on an image showing two of these vehicles on the tarmac at Hamamatsu airbase towing Ki-21 bombers.



The conversion involved narrowing the cab and bench seat and scratch building the rear fenders, left door, equipment bins on the fenders and rear of the vehicle, as well as shortening and detailing the frame and tow hitch. 



Dan also scratch built the roof by building up a frame with plastic rod and strip, then covering it with tissue soaked in white glue.



The vehicle was then airbrushed with a custom mix for IJA khaki, using Vallejo acrylics. The roof was sprayed with Tamiya paint, weathering was done with Vallejo washes and artist's oils. The final clear coat was Gunze matt lacquer. The result is an excellent and unique model of an interesting vehicle, although Dan hasn't indicated whether he plans to build a 1/48th 'Sally' bomber to go with it!



The splendid looking IJN fuel truck model (above) was made from the 1/48 Hasegawa Isuzu Type 97 kit, built pretty much from the box. Dan covered the roof with tissue soaked in white glue to give the appearance of canvas. The model was finished with Tamiya paints from spray cans, weathered with Vallejo acrylics and artists oils.



Dan noted that IJN fuel trucks usually displayed a light colored lateral band around the fuel tank and comparing those with aircraft in photographs, concluded that the band was most likely yellow. 



Some units displayed numbers on the tank as well, with the first number identifying the vehicle and the second number indicating the octane of the fuel it carried. IJA fuel trucks did not show the colored bands or the numbers, but almost every image Dan has seen shows a canvas tarp covering the fuel tank.



This particular vehicle is patterned after images of trucks used by the 302nd NAG, based at Atsugi.

With special thanks to Dan for sharing these images of his superb pair of airfield vehicles. An inspiration.

Image credits: All photos © 2015 Dan Salamone





Notice

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The dead hands of the EU Bureaucracy and Corporatism are starting to intrude into the freedom to blog unencumbered as an individual. Rather than jump through their combined conspiratorial hoops I shall therefore be removing the Amazon links from which I derive little or no benefit anyway. Somehow those two bloated leviathans have managed to skew the relationship between the service they provide and the customer. The British government, rather like its EU masters, is suffering from the delusion that we the people have become employees in a corporation that they control or pupils in a (primary) school that they run, and subject to their ever increasing, intruding and tedious rules and regulations, codes of behaviour and general nannying. 

Image credits: for the freedom to blog

Al DuVal's Collection ~ Update

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Back in February Aviation of Japan's Texas correspondent Mark Smith wrote a moving eulogy to his friend Al DuVal whose impressive collection of 382 1/48th scale model aircraft featured many Japanese subjects. At that time the fate of this fine collection was unknown but subsequently the Frontiers of Flight Museum in Dallas, Texas offered to provide a permanent home for it.  


Gary Seidel, the lead volunteer at the museum model shop, has now written to say how very happy the Museum was to acquire Al's collection and that the Curatorial Committee has now completed the installation of the showcases, registering and placing of the models. The lighting is still to be installed and a brief dedication is planned for 13 December with more details to follow. Gary kindly sent these images of the installation. It is a delight to see Al's fine collection permanently preserved and on show like this and a fitting memorial to a passionate modeller. Congratulations to Frontiers of Flight Museum and all those who helped to make it happen.

Image credits: © 2015 Gary Seidel, Frontiers of Flight Museum.

Ki-61/Ki-100 Aces

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Osprey's Ki-61 and Ki-100 Aces (Aircraft of the Aces 114), authored by your host here, was finally published last month and the illustrator Ronnie Olsthoorn has kindly prepared examples of the cover art, selected profiles, drawings and notes to be published here. The highlight of the book for me was Ronnie's superb artwork which IMHO are the best Hien profiles so far created. Ronnie went to great lengths to get the details correct and although "never trust a profile" is another modelling cliché I found his meticulous conclusions in the interpretation of photographs and data both compelling and convincing.  It is a privilege to have collaborated with Ronnie and to have shared his methodology and expertise up close and personal once again.  

Ki-61-I Otsu of 78th Sentai, Wasile, Halmaheras in early 1944 with tail character 'Wa'

Ki-61-I Tei'24' of Capt Teruhiko Kobayashi, 244th Sentai Hombu, Chofu, Japan, February 1945

Ki-61-I Tei '24' of Capt Teruhiko Kobayashi, 244th Sentai Hombu, Chofu, Japan, March 1945

Although recent profiles of 244th Sentai commander Kobayashi's aircraft have been depicted more recently with red command stripes Ronnie decided to depict them as blue in accordance with earlier representations, for sound reasons with which I concurred. We'll be featuring Kobayashi's Hiens in more detail on the blog next year. The third profile above corrects the profile in the book by restoring the red 'diving Hien' to the victory tally.

Ki-61-I Hei serial '3294', 56th Sentai, Itami, Japan, December 1944

Ki-100 of Maj Yohei Hinoki, 2nd Daitai, Akeno Kyodo Hikoshidan and 111th Sentai, Akeno, Japan, July 1945

Ki-100 serial '16153' of 3rd Chutai, 59th Sentai, Ashiya, Japan, October 1945

The 59th Sentai Ki-100 above is depicted with the correct spanwise stripes on the tailplanes for the first time. These were always an integral part of this unit's tail insignia but have been omitted in all previous representations. Ronnie's approach to creating each profile is exemplified by his annotated notes to the Ki-61-I Tei'62' of Capt Kobayashi:-


Unfortunately the size of reproduction required by the Osprey format means that the exceptional detail of the original artwork cannot be fully appreciated. These two close-ups provide examples:-



For the eagle-eyed Ronnie has also provided corrected drawings for the Ki-100 - below. They are identical to the drawings in the book, except that they omit the tail gear inspection hatch, which was only present on the starboard side of the Ki-100. Unfortunately, this error was noticed only after the images were submitted for publication. Please also note that the photo caption on page 74, top, is also incorrect and Hien '71' is a factory painted Tei rather than a depot/unit painted Otsu. Other gremlins crept in with some of the photo credits:-

Page 70 (top) - Yasuho Izawa
Page 71 - Yasuho Izawa
Page 74 (top) - Kikuchi Collection via Hiroshi Umemoto

All references to Horoshi Umemoto in the book should read as Hiroshi Umemoto. My apologies for these unfortunate errors which should be corrected in re-published editions.



With special thanks to Ronnie for permitting the publication of these beautiful images at Aviation of Japan.

Image credits: All © Osprey Publishing/Ronnie Osthoorn (www.aviationart.aero)





Mitsubishi Ki-46 'Dinah' on film

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Hat tip to Aviation of Japan's Texas correspondent Mark Smith for providing a link to an interesting wartime film showing the Mitsubishi Ki-46-II Dinah in operation. Of note is the very pristine and semi-gloss finish of the paintwork - no salt treatment paint wear in evidence! Also apparent is the lighter tone of the ailerons, elevators and rudders. The film begins with a segment at a maintenance establishment (?) with a glimpse of the rare trainer variant and then shows operational aircraft with tail insignia attributed in different references either to the direct command reconnaissance unit of the 6th Air Army or the Dokuritsu Hiko Dai 82 Chutai (82nd Independent Air Squadron) - and usually associated with Ki-46-III variants.  


Tail character 'Tsu'

Tail character 'Ru' in circle and command stripes

6th Air Army or 82nd Independent Air Squadron?





A Short Story for Christmas

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This intriguing short story has been submitted by long time reader but first time contributor Malcolm Hood. Wishing all readers of Aviation of Japan a very Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year.


Rufe Revelation: A Purple Passage

There’s an occasional feature in our local paper announcing 100th birthdays in the area.  Typically, it lists family and friends who joined the celebration, a line or two about the person’s career or profession, and sometimes a quote about the ‘secret to a long life.’ Of course for many centenarians, often a family member must provide this info.  This year I noticed one for a man named Noboru Fujimoto, who had obviously spoken on his own behalf.  The photo showed a man sitting beside an elaborate cake, with a well-creased smile and bright eyes, surrounded by staff members.  He had retired in 1988 from the Sherwin-Williams corporate offices in Cleveland and moved to southern climes to live with his daughter and escape the harsh Ohio winters there.  After service as a mechanic in the Japanese Naval Air Force from 1940 to 1945, he’d come to America from his hometown of Hakodate on Hokkaido in 1947, working for his passage, first on a tramp steamer, and then a Cunard liner.  He landed in New York and found a production-line job with Benjamin-Moore Paint in Brooklyn.  By 1950, he had saved enough to send for his wife and daughter to join him in America, soon moving the family to Cleveland after a job offer from Sherwin Williams.  With the death of his daughter in 2012, however, he had no remaining family.  The secret to his long life was shochu, “a staple of Japanese diet,” the article explained.               

The nursing home was on the other side of town, but the first day I had some time I headed over.  I mentioned seeing the article on Mr. Fujimoto and asked if I might be able to visit him briefly.  I could tell this seemed a little strange to the person in charge, and who could blame her?  But she walked me down to his room.  “Someone is here to see you,” she announced.  He looked up and smiled.  “Yes?”  It was awkward.  But after I told him I had wanted to meet him after reading about him in the paper, he seemed amused, and said, “I have plenty of time.”  The nurse left us, and looking round the room I noticed little in the way of personal items.  There was a photo of two women who had to be his wife and daughter, some business awards and a framed collage of small photos with the faded colors of seventies and eighties era prints.  “Tell me about yourself,” he said.  He kept the flow going by asking additional questions along the way, and was both kind and surprisingly sharp.  Yes, I was married.  Yes, born here, rambled a few years but returned.  My father?  He was in the Navy.  Aviation Machinist Mate, First Class, retired a Chief Petty Officer.  “Ah.”  I thought he was about to rise to this, but then he said, “And your mother?”  When an attendant brought a tray in with supper, though he’d not said a word about himself, I knew it was my cue to depart.  He said, “Thank you, Ruth,” and then invited me to visit anytime.  

And I did.  Somehow our conversations had never turned to his wartime experience.  It was not until my fourth visit that I noticed some familiar shapes barely peeking their dusty noses over the edge of a high shelf.  Old stuff, but a wonderful surprise and immediately recognizable: a Lindberg Betty; the ancient 1/75 Hasegawa Pete; and a Jo-Han Rufe.  I asked him if I could get them down and clean them up a bit for him.  “By all means.  I haven’t really seen them in quite a while.” Under all that dust, the Rufe was that Humbrol Mauve color, so easily recognized and now so completely discredited.  When cleaned, I could see they were still quite nice and carefully done.  Did someone make these for you, I asked.  
“Yes.  I made these for me.”  After he retired, he had taken up model-building with enthusiasm, and these were all that remained of what once was a much larger group.  He asked to see the Betty after I had wiped it clean with a damp face cloth.  He shook his head.  “Lindberg.  Hopeless.”  I felt a true bond with this man!  Then the Pete was passed over for inspection.  “Fairly crude kit; good for its day, though,” he said.  Finally, the Rufe: he took off his glasses and held it by the float, one eye closed.  “This one is better. Not enough dihedral, but at least the shape looks like the airplane.”  One of the units he served in operated these, he said.  452 Ku.  “Even the Cleveland winters were never as cold as those months.”   
“Nice airbrush work,” I said.  It was smooth as silk.  
“Actually, they’re hand painted, he replied.  “Wet sanding between coats, then buffing.  My own mixes - except for the Suisen.  A company called Humbrol made a color that was right on the money.”  
I reeled and clutched the bedside table for support.  “But that…that doesn’t…seem like a logical color to paint a combat aircraft,” I said.  “Oh, we felt the same, believe me,” he said.  “And technically it was against regulations. But it was an officer’s order.  And when an officer told you to do something in our Navy…”
It felt a little tawdry to press the point for the sake of laying an obscure bit of arcana to rest.  But I felt a duty of sorts; the continuing myth of the Purple Rufe has always perplexed and nettled me in an age of enlightened color research.  I’m known to be cranky about it.  But I kept my tone courteous. “You’re telling me that some of your floatplane fighters in the Aleutians were really painted that color?”
“Only three of them, actually, and only for a month or so,” he said.  It required several questions on my part, but essentially he told me this: while the unit was based in the Aleutians, a 452nd Ku Suisei element leader took advantage of an extended zero-viz-no-flying break to have his three worn aircraft better camouflaged for the environment than their pale weathered grey afforded.  As choices were limited in this new and distant theatre, crew chiefs were ordered to do so by mixing fresh grey paint with the red primer and blue-black colors on hand. Fujimoto related overhearing one pilot’s comment that the aircraft blended more effectively against the heavy overcast conditions so often found in the Aleutians, “particularly near dusk.”  One of the planes was lost with its pilot in combat.  The other two were destroyed in a williwaw that hammered them to pieces at their moorings, and their pilots were shipped back to Japan for reassignment.  In 2015 Fujimoto-san could not remember the flight leader’s name, or that of others involved. 
Still I persisted.  I have read too many times of how unreliable the memories of veterans could be.  He had made the model over thirty years after these happenings, in the mid-seventies.  How could he be sure the Humbrol color was the right shade?  He said, “Two things.  I was in the business a long time, and for me, color is a trigger for memory, like fragrance is for most people.  Right before I built this, my late wife had bought a pair of shoes that struck me as the exact color we had painted those airplanes – though of course I never mentioned that to her.  Mauve.  And about the same time, the Humbrol set of Japanese colors came out, there it was.  The very same color.  If you know what you’re doing it’s an easy color to mix.  In fact, I introduced it into our Interiors line in the fifties.  But, still…the Brits!  How did they get on to it?”  He paused then, and looked at me with concern.  “Are you all right, friend?  You look ashen.” 
I recovered my composure just as a young man in blue scrubs entered and said, “Time for physical therapy, sir.”  We said our goodbyes.  But in the doorway, I remembered.  “The second thing, sir.  What was that?”
“Oh.  Thirty-seven years at Sherwin and Williams.  ‘We Cover The Earth.’  Remember?” 

I’m sad to report that this was my last sight of this gentle soul.  When I next visited about a month and a half later, I was told he had passed away peacefully in his sleep two nights before, after a cold had suddenly turned into pneumonia. One shouldn’t be surprised when a hundred-year-old man dies.  Yet it was a blow.  After giving me the news, the Head Nurse asked me if I could wait a minute and returned with a woman of about fifty who introduced herself as Ruth.  She asked me if I would walk down to his room with her.  “Mr. Fujimoto knew he might not make it past this one.  He left me a note that, in that case, he wanted you to have a couple of things.”  There was a box on his dresser, and after she placed it in my hands, we sat in chairs that had been pulled up by his bed.  I opened the flaps, and inside were the 1/72 Johan Rufe model and an unopened bottle of Iichiko Frasco Shochu.  “A staple of Japanese diet, eh?” I said.  
“That newspaper guy couldn’t even spell it, so that’s what he was told.  But the answer is yes, if you asked Noboru.  And this is the good stuff.  For the last four years, whenever I was on nights, we each had a shot at 7:15.”  
She was enjoying my surprise.  “I kept it in that cabinet up there, and I had the only key.  Soon after I started working here, he had asked if I would do him a favor, and bring him two shot glasses.  “Right,” I said.  “Keep it up, buster.”  The next night he asked me, ‘Did you bring the glasses?’  And the same thing, every night when I came in with his supper.  Every night he had a little different way of asking, made me laugh every time.”  She laughed lightly now, and like lightning through a window, I saw her face at twenty-five.  Lovely.  “He had a great sense of humor, didn’t he?”  
I really hadn’t noticed, but I said yes, as I wanted to hear this.
“After about a week of this, I’m starting to weaken, you know?  I think, what could it hurt, he’s a sweet guy; it’s just a couple of glasses.  It’s not like he has a bottle of booze under the bed.  Then one night I put the food down, swing the tray over…and he hands me two twenties and says, “Make sure you get the heavy ones – only crystal.”
“Well, I’m stunned.  But still pragmatic.  I thrust those two bills back in his face and said,’Mr. Fujimoto, I like this job.  I need this job.  If anyone saw me take –‘
“Ruth, Ruth.” 
 “He said it really softly, closed my hand over the money and said, “Have a little faith in me.” And to my own surprise I said, “Okay.”
“He said, ‘Good, good.  Who are any of us without faith?’”
“I didn’t think I could even find two shot glasses that together would cost forty bucks.  Wrong.  The ones I found that I really liked were Waterford, came in a little crushed velvet box and cost eighty two.  It wasn’t like me, but I bought them.  Ten minutes past seven, Brenda always takes her break, so I have the floor by myself til seven-thirty.  The next night I went in and put that velvet box in his hand.  You should have seen his face.  It was certainly worth forty-two dollars!  And I’ll be damned if he didn’t reach under the mattress and pull out a bottle.  “I’ve been waiting a long time to have a drink with you,” he said.  I asked him if this was sake.  “Shochu,” he said.  “Quite different.  Far better.”  
“I know it sounds all wrong.  Unprofessional, unethical, unwise; but it was none of those things.  Somehow I knew it was safe as houses.  He had a wonderful confidence, and it was catching.  We never had more than one, either.  But he never offered the same toast twice; a romantic at heart, I think.”    
“How did he get the bottle though?”
“I asked him the same thing finally.  One night, one of the orderlies had come in to tell him it was his last week on the job and to wish him well.  He said, ‘Frank, I need a favor.’  Frank loved the guy, and I’m certain he didn’t hesitate.  Noboru had never opened it.  It was a nightly ritual for most of his marriage, he said.  They had continued it after his wife could no longer care for him at home, and after she died, his daughter did the same.  He was the soul of discretion, and I’m not surprised that no one here ever noticed.  A toast, a drink, a kiss goodnight.”
I think Ruth saw the look on my face before I knew it was there, and more fool me.  Her voice was clipped.  “And he was always and ever the gentleman,” she said.
I thought that was end of our interview for a moment, but she needed to round things off, I think.  “I always picked up another bottle when the time came.  And his last week he asked me to pick up one for you; his treat of course, I can’t afford it.  Only a few weeks ago I asked him why he had never opened the one under his bed, because he adored the stuff.  He said, “Oh, I never drink alone.  That’s a slippery slope.  But it would have killed me before long.  Thanks to you, I lived to be a hundred.”  I think she had forgotten I was there for a minute.  If so, the spell was immediately broken when she clapped me sharply on the knee, leaned in, and said, “And if you ever repeat any of this to a soul, I’ll just tell everyone you’re lying through your teeth.”  
“Ruth, I’m stunned to hear that.  Stunned but still pragmatic, as a friend of mine once said.  Because I think we can both agree that Noboru Fujimoto was a great man.”  We parted ways, and when I arrived home, I thought I’d take a look at the Rufe model under a good work light. What meticulous workmanship it showed; on careful inspection the tail-codes were hand-painted, and the skin panels varied in tone ever so subtly.  Even I had to admit it was a nice color.  There was a note in the bottom of the box.  “Have a little faith in me ~ N.F.”  It was written on the back of a 1959 Sherwin Williams paint chip - “Near Dusk.”     
I opened the shochu, and though it was a new experience, I was sure Ruth had been right.  This was the good stuff.  Wow.  And I was glad for it, as for a moment there, I had wavered.  But after a couple of shots, and then another, my reason returned.  Fujimoto was indeed a remarkable man.  But as I’ve often said, veterans can remember things wrongly.  Worse, he was a romantic.  Worst of all, he had a sense of humor.  There was room for the model in my showcase, but one has to do the right thing.  I took a last look, closed the flaps, slid the box under the bed, slipped under the covers, and slept the sleep of the just.           

In the interest of accurate color research,
Malcolm Hood

With special thanks to Malcolm for sharing this story with Aviation of Japan.

Image credit: Unknown artist, from 'Many A Northern Sadness', with permission
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